Zebra Facts

Zebras (Equus spp), with their familiar horse-like physique and their distinct black and white striping pattern, are among the most recognizable of all mammals. They are native to both the plains and mountains of Africa; mountain zebras climb over 6,000 feet high. Fast Facts: Zebras Scientific Name: Equus quagga or E. burchellii; E. zebra, E. grevyiCommon Names: Plains or Burchells Zebra; Mountain Zebra; Grevys ZebraBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: Grevys and plains, 8.9 feet; mountain, 7.7 feet  Ã‚  Weight: Plains and Grevys zebra, about 850–880 pounds; mountain zebra, 620 poundsLifespan: 10–11 yearsDiet:  HerbivorePopulation: Plains: 150,000–250,000; Grevys: 2,680; mountain: 35,000Habitat: Once widespread in Africa, now in separate populationsConservation Status: Endangered (Grevys zebra), Vulnerable (mountain zebra), Near Threatened (plains zebra) Description Zebras are members of the genus Equus, which also includes asses and horses. There are three species of zebra: Plains or Burchells zebra (Equus quagga or E. burchellii), Grevys zebra (Equus grevyi), and mountain zebra (Equus zebra). Anatomical differences between the zebra species are fairly sparse: In general, the mountain zebra is smaller and has evolutionary differences associated with living in the mountains. Mountain zebras have hard, pointed hooves that are well-suited for negotiating the slopes and they have conspicuous dewlaps—a loose fold of skin underneath the chin seen often in cattle—which the plains and Grevys zebras do not. Various species of asses, including the African wild ass (Equus asinus), have some stripes (for instance, Equus asinus has stripes on the lower portion of its legs). Zebras are nonetheless the most distinctively striped of the equids. Westend61/Getty Images Species Each species of zebra has a unique stripe pattern on its coat which provides researchers with an easy method for identifying individuals. Grevys zebras have a thick black hairy strip on their rump that extends towards their tail and a broader neck than the other species of zebras and a white belly. Plains zebras often have shadow stripes (stripes of a lighter color that occur between the darker stripes). Like Grevys zebras, some plains zebras have a white belly. Zebras can cross breed with other members of equus: A plains zebra crossed with a donkey is known as a zebdonk, zonkey, zebrass, and zorse. The plains or Burchells zebra has several subspecies: Grants zebra (Equus quagga boehmi) and Chapmans zebra (Equus quagga antiquorum). And the now-extinct quagga, once thought to be a separate species, is now considered a subspecies of the plains zebra (Equus quagga quagga). Habitat and Distribution Most zebra species live in arid and semi-arid plains and savannas of Africa: Plains and Grevys zebras have different regions but overlap during migrations. Mountain zebras, however, live in the rugged mountains of South Africa and Namibia.  Mountain zebras are skilled climbers, inhabiting mountain slopes up to elevations of 6,500 feet above sea level. All zebras are extremely mobile, and individuals have been recorded to move distances of greater than 50 miles.  Plains zebras make the longest known terrestrial wildlife migration, a whopping 300 miles between the Chobe River floodplains in Namibia and the Nxai Pan National Park in Botswana. Diet and Behavior Regardless of their habitats, zebras are all grazers, bulk, roughage feeders that need to consume large daily quantities of grasses. They are also all full migrant species, migrating seasonally or year-round depending on seasonal vegetation changes and habitat. They often follow long grasses that grow after the rains, altering their migration patterns to avoid adverse conditions or find new resources. Mountain and plains zebras live in family groups or harems, typically consisting of one stallion, several mares, and their juvenile offspring. Non-breeding groups of bachelors and occasional fillies also exist. During parts of the year, the harems and bachelor groups join together and move as herds, the timing and direction of which are determined by seasonal vegetation changes in habitat.   Breeding males will defend their resource territories (water and food) that range between one and 7.5 square miles; the home range size of non-territorial zebras can be as large as 3,800 square miles. Male plains zebras ward off predators by kicking or biting them and have been known to kill hyenas with a single kick. Robert Muckley / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring Female zebras sexually mature at the age of three and give birth to between two and six offspring over their lifetimes. Gestation periods are between 12 and 13 months, depending on species, and the average female gives birth about once every two years. Male fertility is far more variable.   Reproductive pairing is played out differently for different species. While plains and mountain zebras practice the harem strategy described above, Grevys zebra females do not join males in harems. Instead, they form loose and transitory associations with many other females and males, and females of different reproductive states group themselves into sets that use different habitats. Males do not ally with the females; they simply establish territories around water.   Despite their stable long-term harem structure, plains zebras often coalesce into herds, forming multi-male or uni-male groups, providing polygamous opportunities for males and polyandrous opportunities for females.  Ã‚   Diana Robinson Photography/Getty Images   Conservation Status The Grevys zebra is listed by the IUCN as Endangered; the mountain zebra as Vulnerable; and the plains zebra as Near Threatened.  Zebras once roamed all habitats in Africa, with the exceptions of rain forests, deserts, and dunes. Threats for all of them include habitat loss resulting from drought associated with climate change and farming, continuing political upheaval, and hunting. Sources About zebras. Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, 2018.Gosling, L.M., et al. Equus zebra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e.T7960A45171906, 2019.Hoekstra, Jon. Big Discoveries Still Happen – Zebras Make Africa’s Longest-Known Terrestrial Wildlife Migration. World Wildlife Fund, May 27, 2014.King, S.R.B. and P.D. Moehlman. Equus quagga. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e.T41013A45172424, 2016.Rubenstein, D. et al. Equus grevyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species e.T7950A89624491, 2016  Walker, Martha. Equus zebra: mountain zebra. Animal Diversity Web, 2005.

Dissociative Identity Disorder A Multiple Personality...

Abstract Dissociative identity disorder also known as DID is a multiple personality disorder. Patients who have DID have multiple personalities that sometime they cannot control. There are known cases of people with this disorder completely change and see their selves differently from who they actually are, such as having a different name. There are many more symptoms to this disorder also. A lot of researchers usually test and compare DID with PTSD in most studies and also usually use all females, since DID is more common with females. This paper discusses the psychological views and studies of dissociative identity disorder. Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder is also known as Multiple Personality Disorder or DID. It is stated to be when a person has the presence of two or more distinct personality states. Having this disorder makes you have multiple personalities and many people say that your personality is not a type of behavior. In reality your personality is a behavior stated by experts. With this disorder you have two or more distinct personalities that show at certain times. For an example, a person with this disorder could be happy and joyful but even with the slightest change in their surroundings can change their behavior or personality. Not only it can be their personality that changes but the person with the disorder can also think they are someone else by having a different unique name, characteristics, and theirShow MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder And Multiple Personality Disorder1384 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder (DID for short and popularly known as multiple personality disorder) is one of the more fascinating and simultaneously terrifying of the formal mental disorders. Probably due in part to DID’s fantastic, almost unbelievable nature, it is also one of the more controversial disorders that has been formally included in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). In the most recent DSM, DSM-5, the signature criteria for DID is the â€Å"disruption of identityRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Multiple Personality Disorder1399 Words   |  6 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is defined as â€Å"a severe condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present in—and alternately take control of—an individual†. In 1994, the name of the disorder was changed to reflect a better understanding of the condition. DID is characterized by fragmentation, not by the g rowth of separate identities. DID is not a new disorder. However, it has been misunderstood forRead More Multiple Personality Disorder (Dissociative Identity Disorder)735 Words   |  3 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder, commonly referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder, exists as a bizarre mental disorder in which a person acquires two or more distinct identities or personality states. The disorder received much attention through such accounts as Sybil and The Three Faces of Eve. Multiple Personality Disorder, caused from severe and inhuman sexual, physical, and mental abuse, affects the individuals consciousness and in turn creates altar selves. CategorizedRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder : Multiple Personality Disorder Essay1859 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Dissociative Identity Disorder, also known as Multiple Personality Disorder has intrigued a wide variety of individuals from psychiatrists, Hollywood directors and even teenagers dreaming of treating the disorder such as myself. DID, as abbreviated, is sometimes thought of as fake, this disorder has been proven an actual disorder and is described in the DSM-5. This paper will include a description of Dissociative Identity Disorder or DID, an exploration into the typical course of theRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Multiple Personality )1397 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder can be difficult to diagnosis as mentioned before. However, a scale has been developed to help a professional with their diagnosis of individuals that may suffer from this mental illness. There have been many studies conducted to test the reliability and validity of this scale. The scale is referred to as The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and was developed to help measure diss ociation in individuals. The Dissociative Experiences Scale is a twenty-eight item self-reportRead MoreMultiple Identity Disorder Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesAngela suffered from Dissociative Identity Disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder. According to article â€Å"Dissociative Identity Disorder†, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a mental disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states. The symptoms will be explained, including the history of this disorder. It will also explore the causes, the diagnostic process, and even treatment. Symptoms Dissociative Identity Disorder has subtle symptoms thatRead MoreThe Secret Window And Dissociative Identity Disorder1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe Secret Window and Dissociative Identity Disorder The Secret Window is a film released in 2004 directed by David Koepp and written by Stephen King. The main issue in this film is one of a psychological basis which keeps the audience on their toes and maybe even slightly confused until all of the pieces fit together at the end of the film. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the psychological issue that plagues the main character, Mort Rainey (portrayed by Johnny Depp), and identify anyRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder : Dissociative Identification Disorder1485 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder is a mental disorder where an individual experiences two or more distinct personalities. When an individual is diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, one personality has dominant control of an individual. This personality controls how a person may act and how they live everyday life. A person diagnosed with this disease may or may not be aware of their alternate personalities. Each personality is contrasting of each other withRead MoreMultiple Personalities Disorder Analysis1037 Words   |  5 PagesMultiple Personality Disorders (MPD), or what has been re-classified, Dissociative Idenitfy Disorder (DID), is a deliberating and frightening illness for the DID individual; as well as their friends and family. The meaning of DID (Dissoiative Idenity Disorder) usually means that a person has more than two self-states or identities, which often times appear like entirely different personalities. When one is under the control of one identity, the pe rson usually is unable to remember some of the eventsRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder (Did) Is A Psychological1005 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative identity disorder (DID) is a psychological condition in which a person will create one or more alternate identities. DID (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) is just one of three dissociative disorders. This disorder is set apart by the way the identities â€Å"switch† from one to another. Patients who suffer from dissociative identity disorder can often lead normal lives when diagnosed properly and treated accordingly; sometimes, they cannot. People suffering from dissociative

What Role It Plays in Your Life free essay sample

What role does reading play in your life? †¢What is your attitude toward memory and learning? †¢To what extent has preparing for tests, test anxiety, attitude, and motivation affected your academic studies? Reading doesn’t play a big role in my life. I guess after thinking about it a little further, it has to play a big role in your everyday life by reading newspapers, magazines, my childrens’ schoolwork , my schoolwork and so on. I do not read as a hobby, though, I wish I could or actually, My attention deficit disorder prevents me from doing so. I try so hard, but my mind is in a thousand other places. I hate to say it but I do not have a good attitude towards memory and learning. It is getting better after learning some of the techniques in this class though. Preparing for tests along with test anxiety has always affected my studies and my attitude towards them as well. We will write a custom essay sample on What Role It Plays in Your Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I never wanted to read anything. I surely never studied properly. I would always get nervous when the teacher would mention the word â€Å"test†. Even if I was confident in the subject and would get good grades on all of my daily work, when the day of the test came around, I would get clammy and get the sweats. It was as if I didn’t know I thing about the subject and would fail the exam. I have wanted to go to college for the last 2 years and would remember what I went through in high school and say â€Å"forget it†! So I finally got the nerve to apply last month and here I am! Before reading the text book â€Å" The Confident Student† I truly lacked motivation. As I learn different ways to prepare and study, I definitely am more motivated to do better than just getting by!

Commercial Critique Essay Example For Students

Commercial Critique Essay Running head: Commercial Critique Paper Commercial Critique Paper Gastroesophageal reflux disease, also known as GERD, is gastroesophageal reflux through the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) into the esophagus or oropharynx that produces symptoms, injury to esophageal tissue, or both. The stomach continuously produces hydrochloric acid that helps in digesting food. GERD is related to failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to close properly. This results in reflux of acid into the unprotected lining of the esophagus. The pathophysiology of GERD is not completely understood and is complex. The main etiologic factors are believed to be an abnormal LES pressure and increased reflux during temporary LES relaxation. The inner lining of the stomach is protected from the acid â€Å"by the presence of prostaglandins present in gastric mucus that inhibit gastric secretion, stimulate bicarbonate ion secretion, and enhance blood flow† (OMalley, 2010). The stomach is also protected by â€Å"tight intracellular junctions and a mucin layer over epithelial cells† (OMalley, 2010). Medications used to treat GERD include H2-receptor antagonists, antacids, and proton pump inhibitors in nonprescription and prescription strength. Antacids neutralize stomach acid, include Maalox, Mylanta, and Tums, and may provide quick relief. Antacids will not heal an esophagus damaged by stomach acid. H2-receptor antagonists are medications that work by reducing the amount of acid the stomach produces by blocking an important producer of acid- histamine 2. H2-receptor blockers include cimetidine (Tagamet HB), famotidine (Pepcid AC), or ranitidine (Zantac 75). H2 receptors blockers are slower acting than antacids but last longer. Proton pump inhibitors block acid production and heal the esophagus. Proton pump inhibitors include lansoprazole (Prevacid 24 HR), omeprazole (Prilosec OTC), and Dexilant (dexlansoprazole) (GERD: Treatment and Drugs, 2010). Proton pump inhibitors reduce the production of acid by blocking the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. The reduction of acid prevents ulcers and allows any ulcers that exist in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum to heal. In an Internet advertisement for Dexilant (dexlansoprazole), it states that ersistent heartburn two or more days a week, despite treatment and diet changes, could be acid reflux disease. It goes on to say that since heartburn and other symptoms of acid reflux disease affect different people in different ways, it is important to talk to your doctor. In addition, it states, â€Å"Only your doctor can diagnose acid reflux disease and determine if there is an y damage to your esophagus site† Dexilant is a timed release Proton pump inhibitor that is a prescription medication that can provide relief for up to 24 hours. It is available in 30 mg. or 60 mg. in a dual release capsule taken with or without food. The capsule contains two different types of granules; one is released immediately and the other about four to five hours later (About Dexilant, 2010). Prilosec OTC is also advertised on the Internet. The page has a lot of useful health information including a description of how heartburn is caused, how Prilosec OTC works to stop acid production, common foods and lifestyle factors that cause heartburn (heartburn triggers). The advertisement goes on to list trigger foods and simple tips for making smart choices to fight frequent heartburn, including the right diet and a healthy lifestyle. The ad then discusses the 14-Day Prilosec OTC Regimen: â€Å"Prilosec OTC blocks the burn for 24 hours with one pill a day†. Claims made in the advertisement for Prilosec OTC are that it is a proactive treatment, unlike most reactive heartburn treatments. The ad goes on to state that Prilosec OTC is in the strongest class of heartburn medicines available over the counter. .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d , .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d .postImageUrl , .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d , .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d:hover , .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d:visited , .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d:active { border:0!important; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d:active , .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2e9cf6011bb1b5928ce819bc70a0d8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tragic heros EssayOther statements regarding Prilosec OTC are that it blocks heartburn before it begins with one pill a day for 14 days, and it was the first prescription proton pump inhibitor (PPI) introduced. In 2003, Prilosec becomes the first PPI available over the counter and in 2004, it becomes the number one selling OTC heartburn medicine for treating frequent heartburn, and finally, in 2005, it was named the number one doctor recommended OTC acid reducer (Heartburn Treatment and Heartburn Relief, 2010). For Dexilant, advertisement claims include a statement that it â€Å"heals damage to the esophagus and keeps it from coming back†(About Dexilant, 2010). The ad goes on to claim that clinical studies have shown that Dexilant not only relieves heartburn around the clock, but also heals damage (erosions) to the esophagus and keeps it from coming back. â€Å"Individual results may vary†. However, it does not say what study was done or give any information concerning it. It also claims Dexilant can provide up to 24 hours of heartburn relief in many adults with acid reflux disease (About Dexilant, 2010). Both medications are Proton pump inhibitors and are used to treat heartburn and GERD. Proton pump inhibitors are very similar in action and there is no evidence that one is more effective than another is (GERD: Treatment and Drugs, 2010). They differ in how they are broken-down by the liver and their drug interactions. Proton pump inhibitors interact with few drugs. The absorption into the body of some drugs is affected by the presence of acid in the stomach, and because PPIs reduce acid in the stomach, they may affect the absorption of these drugs. PPIs reduce the absorption and concentration in the blood of Nizoral and increase the absorption and concentration of Lanoxin. There may be reduced effectiveness of Nizoral and an increase in Lanoxin toxicity (Heartburn Treatment and Heartburn Relief, 2010). Prilosec is more likely than the other PPIs to reduce the breakdown of drugs by the liver and may increase the concentration in the blood of Valium, Coumadin and Dilantin (Heartburn Treatment and Heartburn Relief, 2010). Before taking Dexilant, tell your doctor if you are taking ampicillin, atazanavir, digoxin, iron, ketoconazole, or tacrolimus. Before taking Prilosec OTC, tell your physician if you are taking warfarin, prescription antifungal or anti-yeast medicines, diazepam, or digoxin (Heartburn Treatment and Heartburn Relief, 2010). Side effects of Prilosec OTC include headache, diarrhea, constipation, upset stomach, cough, dizziness, rash, cold symptoms. The most common side effects of Dexilant were diarrhea, stomach pain, nausea, common cold, vomiting, and gas. Both advertisements had a question and section. The Prilosec OTC ad had a lot of information regarding heartburn and GERD, and information on healthy foods and lifestyle. The Dexilant ad had links for coupons and a symptom checker. The Prilosec OTC ad also had a safety announcement discussing a possible increased risk of fractures. It states â€Å"On May 25, 2010, the FDA released a drug-class announcement stating that all prescription and over-the-counter proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) product labeling will be revised as a precautionary measure to include a possible increased risk of hip, wrist, and spine fractures† (Heartburn Treatment and Heartburn Relief, 2010). In addition, there was also a public health advisory issued by the FDA, on the Prilosec OTC ad, that recommends patients avoid the combination of omeprazole products (i. e. , Prilosec Rx ®, Prilosec OTC ®, and generic/store-brand omeprazole) with clopidogrel, which is marketed as Plavix ®. Omeprazole (Prilosec) may reduce the anti-clotting effect of Plavix (Heartburn Treatment and Heartburn Relief, 2010). I could not find these warning on the Dexilant. Both medications had the safety warning concerning pregnancy and nursing. References About Dexilant. (2010). Retrieved from Dexilant. com: http://www. dexilant. com/ProofItWorks. aspx GERD: Treatment and Drugs. (2010, July 8). Retrieved from Mayo Clinic: http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/gerd/DS00967/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Heartburn Treatment and Heartburn Relief. (2010). Retrieved from Prilosec OTC: http://www. prilosecotc. com/en_US/consumer/ OMalley, P. (2010). Gastric Ulcers and GERD: Pathophysiology of GERD and Ulcer Disease. Retrieved from Medscape Today: http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/465049_2